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如何起草国际仲裁条款

导读

在国际仲裁活动中,可能涉及当事人、代理人、证人及仲裁员国籍的多样性、法律适用复杂性及跨司法辖区的保全措施等因素,因此,国际仲裁的程序具有复杂性。在复杂的程序争议中,首当其冲的是国际仲裁条款问题。

IBA国际仲裁条款起草指南(IBA Guidelines for Drafting International Arbitration Clauses)【以下简称IBA仲裁条款指南】(全文可在IBA官方网站下载),由经验丰富的国际仲裁人士,在总结实践基础上起草,为广大实务人士提供了参考。

正文

一、导言

1. 《准则》的目的是提供一个简洁方便的方法来起草国际仲裁条款。不好的仲裁条款可能会导致无法执行,而且往往造成不必要的费用和延误。通过考虑这些准则,合同起草者应能确保拟定有效且满足其需求的仲裁条款。  
   The purpose of these Guidelines is to provide a succinct and accessible approach to the drafting of international arbitration clauses. Poorly drafted arbitration clauses may be unenforceable and often cause unnecessary cost and delay. By considering these Guidelines, contract drafters should be able to ensure that their arbitration clauses are effective and adapted to their needs.

2. 《准则》分为五个部分(除本导言以外)。第一部分提供了什么该做与不该做的基本准则。第二部分描述在起草仲裁条款时应考虑纳入的选择性因素。第三部分讨论规定 了谈判、调解和仲裁的多层次争议解决条款。第四部分讨论起草多方合同的仲裁条款。第五部分讨论在涉及多个相关合同情况下起草仲裁条款的问题。
   The Guidelines are divided into five sections (in addition to this introduction). The first section offers basic guidelines on what to do and not to do. The second section addresses optional elements that should be considered when drafting arbitration clauses.The third section addresses multi-tier dispute resolution clauses providing for negotiation, mediation and arbitration. The fourth section discusses the drafting of arbitration clauses for multiparty contracts, and the fifth section considers the drafting of arbitration clauses in situations involving multiple,but related contracts.


二、基本起草指南

准则 1: 各方应决定是机构仲裁还是临时仲裁。
   Guideline 1: The parties should decide between institutional and ad hoc arbitration.

准则 2: 各方应选择一套仲裁规则并且使用适用于该仲裁规则的示范条款作为起点。
   Guideline 2: The parties should select a set of arbitration rules and use the model clause recommended for these arbitration rules as a starting point.

准则 3: 除特殊情况外,各方不应试图限制仲裁管辖的争议范围,而是应将这一范围广泛界定。
   Guideline 3: Absent special circumstances, the parties should not attempt to limit the scope of disputes subject to arbitration and should define this scope broadly.

准则 4: 各方应选择仲裁地点。这一选择应基于实际和司法的考虑。
   Guideline 4: The parties should select the place of arbitration. This selection should be based on both practical and juridical considerations.

准则 5: 各方应规定仲裁员人数。
   Guideline 5: The parties should specify the number of arbitrators.

准则 6:各方应规定仲裁员的选择和撤换的方法,如选择临时仲裁,应选定一个仲裁员指定机构。
   Guideline 6: The parties should specify the method of selection and replacement of arbitrators and, when ad hoc arbitration is chosen, should select an appointing authority.

准则 7: 各方应规定仲裁的语言。
   Guideline 7: The parties should specify the language of arbitration.

准则 8: 各方通常应规定合同和后续任何争议的管辖法律。
   Guideline 8: The parties should ordinarily specify the rules of law governing the contract and any subsequent disputes. 


三、可选择内容起草准则

选择 1: 仲裁庭和法院关于临时和保全措施的权限。
   Option 1: The authority of the arbitral tribunal and of the courts with respect to provisional and conservatory measures.

选择2:文件出示。
   Option 2: Document production.

选择 3: 保密事项。
   Option 3: Confidentiality issues.

选择 4: 费用和支出的分摊。
   Option 4: Allocation of costsand fees. 

选择 5: 仲裁员应具备的资格。
   Option 5: Qualifications required of arbitrators.

选择 6: 时间限制。
   Option 6: Time limits.

选择7:仲裁终局性。
   Option 7: Finality of arbitration.

四、多层次争议解决条款起草指南

多层次准则 1:该条款应规定一个谈判或调解的期限,该期限从已定义的且无争议的事件(如书面请求)起计,期限过后任何一方均可诉诸仲裁。
   Multi-Tier Guideline 1: The clause should specify a period of time for negotiation or mediation, triggered by a defined and undisputable event (i.e. a written request), after which either party can resort to arbitration.

多层次准则 2: 该条款应避免使仲裁成为可选的而非必需的陷阱。
   Multi-Tier Guideline 2: The clause should avoid the trap of rendering arbitration permissive, not mandatory.

多层次准则 3: 该条款应用一致的词汇来定义需提交谈判或调解的争议与需提交仲裁的争议。
   Multi-Tier Guideline 3: The clause should define the disputes to be submitted to negotiation or mediation and to arbitration in identical terms.

五、多方仲裁条款起草准则

多方准则 1:该条款应解决存在多个当事方对指定仲裁庭产生的影响。
   Multiparty Guideline 1: The clause should address the consequences of the multiplicity of parties for the appointment of the arbitral tribunal.

多方准则 2: 该条款应解决因存在多个当事方而产生的程序复杂性(第三人参加仲裁,追加第三人为被申请人)。
   Multiparty Guideline 2: The clause should address the procedural complexities (intervention, joinder) arising from the multiplicity of parties.

六、多合同条款起草准则

多合同准则 1: 相关合同中的仲裁条款应当是兼容的。
   Multi-Contract Guideline 1:The arbitration clauses in the related